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81.
毛景文  宋世伟  刘敏  孟健寅 《地质学报》2022,96(11):3675-3697
本文介绍了全球稀土资源供需历史、现状和对未来的展望。从矿床成因视角切入,将稀土矿床分为内生和外生两大类型,其中内生稀土矿床包括碳酸岩型、碱性岩型、碱性岩型- 碳酸岩型、氧化铁铜金型、热液脉型,外生稀土矿床包括风化壳离子吸附型、沉积岩型、沉积矿产(煤矿、铝土矿和沉积磷矿)伴生型、砂矿和现代海洋底部含稀土的锰结核、结壳和软泥型。归纳总结了主要类型矿床的基本特点和时空分布;认为内生稀土矿床产出于四类构造环境,包括裂谷环境、碰撞后伸展环境、大陆碰撞环境和后俯冲伸展环境;从构造演化入手,探讨了在外生与内生地质过程中稀土元素的迁移和富集规律,建立了涵盖主要矿床类型的构造- 成矿模型。  相似文献   
82.
对于扬子板块西北缘新元古代早—中期(835~720 Ma)岩浆岩形成的构造背景尚存在较大争议。本文对陕南勉略宁地区碧口微地块内黑木林- 硖口驿SSZ型(俯冲带上盘型)蛇绿混杂岩中的辉长岩、辉长闪长岩和变安山质玄武岩分别进行了锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年代学、岩石学及岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明,木瓜园辉长岩和变安山质玄武岩属岛弧拉斑玄武岩系列,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线均呈右倾型,具有微弱的Eu负异常,微量元素原始地幔标准化图解显示其富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE)而亏损高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Ta等),与岛弧岩浆岩相似。黑木林、硖口驿辉长闪长岩属钙碱性系列。黑木林辉长闪长岩具与Bonin弧前玻安质岩石类似的地球化学特征,具较高的SiO2含量(54. 27%~56. 79%)、MgO含量(11. 10%~17. 04%)和较低的TiO2含量(0. 08%~0. 19%),富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U和Pb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti,以及弱的Zr、Hf正异常等特征。硖口驿辉长闪长岩MgO含量较低(4. 24%~8. 91%),略低于玻安质岩石,其N- MORB(正常洋中脊玄武岩)标准化微量元素蜘蛛网图与Bonin弧前玻安岩类似,富集LILE、亏损HFSE,具低的Ti/Zr比值等特征,属于过渡类型的类玻安质岩石。锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb测年结果显示,黑木林- 硖口驿SSZ型蛇绿混杂岩的原岩形成时代为835~830左右。其中木瓜园辉长岩、黑木林和硖口驿辉长闪长岩的结晶年龄分别为835±4 Ma、830±2 Ma和830±11 Ma。结合前人关于扬子板块西北缘新元古代早—中期构造演化过程的研究,认为扬子板块西北缘在新元古代早—中期(950~720 Ma)处于长期的洋壳东南向俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境并发育俯冲增生造山作用,且新元古代早期(835~830 Ma)在扬子板块西北缘发生了洋内俯冲,形成黑木林- 硖口驿SSZ型蛇绿混杂岩,最终增生拼贴就位于碧口微地块。  相似文献   
83.
勉略构造带作为秦岭造山带内重要的构造边界,关于其构造属性及晚古生代以来的地质背景,一直是学术界争论的焦点。碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学在限定地层单元的最大沉积年龄、研究区域构造岩浆事件及约束构造地质背景等方面行之有效。基于此,通过对勉略带内五郎坪北侧两河口变沉积地层和侵入其中的变形花岗岩脉体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。获得2件变形花岗岩脉的结晶年龄均为406±1Ma。碎屑锆石主年龄谱分别为422~456Ma和558~826Ma,峰值年龄为441Ma和771Ma、813Ma,次级年龄谱分别为942~1495Ma和1658~2981Ma,峰值年龄不明显。依据最小一组碎屑锆石的峰值年龄(441Ma),和侵入其中的变形花岗岩脉(406±0.6Ma),限定该变沉积地层形成时代为406~441Ma(S_1-D_1)。碎屑锆石年龄谱显示该套变沉积地层物质来源较为复杂,其中秦岭造山带及扬子板块北缘早古生代、新元古代岩浆岩为其提供了74%±的物源,古老变质基底为其提供了26%±的物源。通过与区域上已有资料对比,认为勉略构造带内晚古生代沉积地层形成环境与邻区大致相同,且本次所获得的变沉积岩碎屑锆石年龄谱也与邻区泥盆系相似。综合认为,勉略构造带与邻区在晚古生代应属同一构造环境,晚古生代"勉略海盆"应当包括整个南秦岭。  相似文献   
84.
Strike–slip faults are often accompanied by a variety of structures, particularly at their tips. The zones of additional fracturing are classified as tip‐damage zones. These zones can be subdivided into several different damage patterns based on the nature and orientation of faults and fractures developed. Damage zones at the ends of small strike–slip faults (mode II tips) develop wing cracks, horsetail splays, antithetic faults, synthetic branch faults and solution surfaces. Similar tip‐damage patterns are also commonly observed at larger (regional) scales, but with a dominance of faulting over tensile cracks and solution surfaces. Wing cracks and horsetail splays developed at small‐scale faults are replaced by normal faults in large‐scale faults. Antithetic faults and synthetic branch faults are observed at small and large scales. Thrust faults are developed at large scales, in a similar pattern to solution surfaces at a small scale. All these structures may show slightly different angular relationships to the master fault at small and large scale, but develop in response similar stress distribution and mechanics around the fault. Thus, mode II tip‐damage zones show similar patterns over a wide range of fault scales.  相似文献   
85.
The equation of state of MgGeO3 perovskite was determined between 25 and 66 GPa using synchrotron X-ray diffraction with the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The data were fit to a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and yielded a zero-pressure volume (V 0) of 182.2 ± 0.3 Å3 and bulk modulus (K 0) of 229 ± 3 GPa, with the pressure derivative (K= (?K 0/?P) T ) fixed at 3.7. Differential stresses were evaluated using lattice strain theory and found to be typically less than about 1.5 GPa. Theoretical calculations were also carried out using density functional theory from 0 to 205 GPa. The equation of state parameters from theory (V 0 = 180.2 Å3, K 0 = 221.3 GPa, and K0 = 3.90) are in agreement with experiment, although theoretically calculated volumes are systematically lower than experiment. The properties of the perovskite phase were compared to MgGeO3 post-perovskite phase near the observed phase transition pressure (~65 GPa). Across the transition, the density increased by 2.0(0.7)%. This is in excellent agreement with the theoretically determined density change of 1.9%; however both values are larger than those for the (Mg,Fe)SiO3 phase transition. The bulk sound velocity change across the transition is small and is likely to be negative [?0.5(1.6)% from experiment and ?1.2% from theory]. These results are similar to previous findings for the (Mg,Fe)SiO3 system. A linearized Birch–Murnaghan equation of state fit to each axis yielded zero-pressure compressibilities of 0.0022, 0.0009, and 0.0016 GPa?1 for the a, b, and c axis, respectively. Magnesium germanate appears to be a good analog system for studying the properties of the perovskite and post-perovskite phases in silicates.  相似文献   
86.
The U.S. and U.K. literatures have discussed “food deserts,” reflecting populated, typically urban, low‐income areas with limited access to full‐service supermarkets. Less is known about supermarket accessibility within Canadian cities. This article uses the minimum distance and coverage methods to determine supermarket accessibility within the city of Edmonton, Canada, with a focus on high‐need and inner‐city neighborhoods. The results show that for 1999 both of these areas generally had higher accessibility than the remainder of the city, but six high‐need neighborhoods had poor supermarket accessibility. We conclude by examining potential reasons for differences in supermarket accessibility between Canadian, U.S., and U.K. cities.  相似文献   
87.
88.
计算机虚拟仿真领域的地形构建及显示方法的研究动态,描述三维地形建模、基于视点相关的细分简化、基于块的格网简化、模型的纹理映射和显示控制、误差度量中,分析和总结几个主要方法的特点及使用场合.  相似文献   
89.
The sedimentary environments are the intrinsic factor controlling the mechanical properties of clastic rocks. Examining the relationship between rock sedimentary environments and rock mechanical properties gives a better understanding of rock deformation and failure mechanisms. In this study, more than 55 samples in coal measures were taken from seven different lithologic formations in eastern China. Using the optical microscope the sedimentary characteristics, such as components of clastic rocks and sizes of clastic grains were quantitatively tested and analyzed. The corresponding mechanical parameters were tested using the servo-controlled testing system. Different lithologic attributes in the sedimentary rocks sampled different stress–strain behaviors and failure characteristics under different confining pressures, mainly due to different compositions and textures. Results demonstrate that clastic rocks have the linear best-fit for Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The elastic moduli in clastic rocks are highly dependent upon confining pressures, unlike hard rocks. The envelope lines of the mechanical properties versus the contents of quartz, detritus of the grain diameter of more than 0.03 mm, and grain size in clastic rocks are given. The compressive strength or elastic modulus and the grain diameter have a non-monotonic relation and demonstrate the “grain-diameter softening” effect.  相似文献   
90.
Modeling of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5  
By integrating hydrological modeling with the infinite slope stability analysis, a rainfall-triggered shallow landslide model was developed by Iverson (Water Resour Res 36:1897-1910, 2000). In Iverson’s model, the infiltration capacity is assumed to be equivalent to the saturated hydraulic conductivity for finding pressure heads analytically. However, for general infiltration process, the infiltration capacity should vary with time during the period of rain, and the infiltration rate is significantly related to the variable infiltration capacity. To avoid the unrealistically high pressure heads, Iverson employed the beta-line correction by specifying that the simulated pressure heads cannot exceed those given by the beta line. In this study, the suitability of constant infiltration capacity together with the beta-line correction for hydrological modeling and landslide modeling of hillslope subjected to a rainfall is examined. By amending the boundary condition at ground surface of hillslope in Iverson’s model, the modified Iverson’s model with considering general infiltration process is developed to conduct this examination. The results show that the unrealistically high pressure heads from Iverson’s model occur due to the overestimation of infiltration rate induced from the assumption that the infiltration capacity is identical to the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Considering with the general infiltration process, the modified Iverson’s model gives acceptable results. In addition, even though the beta-line correction is applied, the Iverson’s model still produces greater simulated pressure heads and overestimates soil failure potential as compared with the modified Iverson’s model. Therefore, for assessing rainfall-triggered shallow landslide, the use of constant infiltration capacity together with the beta-line correction needs to be replaced by the consideration of general infiltration process.  相似文献   
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